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CFA^® is an internationally recognized designation offered by the CFA Institute to investment and finance professionals. To earn the CFA^® charter, candidates need to have completed three six-hour exams and possess 48 months of relevant professional experience.

There are three stages of exams (level I, II and III). All three exams focus on investment analysis, valuation and portfolio management.

The basic requirement to write the exam include possessing:

• any bachelor degree or being in the final year of the degree program at the time of registration or
• four years professional work experience (does not have to be investment related).
• a combination of professional work experience (full-time) and college experience that totals at least four years prior to enrollment.
• a valid international travel passport.

Professionals that write the CFA^® exams include portfolio managers, research analysts (equity and fixed income), investment bankers, risk managers, corporate finance analyst, fixed income traders, etc.

For more information on the exam, kindly visit https://www.cfainstitute.org/

FRM^® is an international recognized designation offered by the Global Association of Risk Professionals (GARP) Institute. To earn the FRM^® charter, candidates need to have completed two four-hour exams, and demonstrate two years of professional full-time financial risk management work experience.

There are two stages of exams (level I and II). Level I exam focuses on foundations of risk management concepts, quantitative analysis, financial markets & products and valuation & risk models. Level II exam focuses on market, credit, operational & integrated, liquidity & treasury, investment risks management.

There is no basic requirement to write the exam.

Professionals that write the FRM^® exams include risk managers that work in financial services industry (banking, insurance, pension, investment management firms, etc.), treasurers, portfolio managers, etc.

For more information on the exam, kindly visit https://www.garp.org/#!/frm

Candidates are expected to learn:

• Financial model layout and best practices.
• Intermediate-to-advanced Microsoft Excel skills related to building financial models.
• Building 3 statements financial models
• Scenarios and Sensitivity Analysis.
• Accounting fundamentals including financial statement construction and linkages.
• Model schedules (e.g. fixed vs variable Costs, working capital, deferred Taxes, debt and equity).
• Business Valuation modelling.